the end of the three-day trip, we went to three places to sit three different airlines, with bolted three hundred meters I write about this experience is worth. -
aircraft is a very boring place, is not heaven, and the next touching the ground, and often accompanied with Flight attendants to become the first successful observation songjang target, flight attendants on many people's minds is unattainable, because the plane is always so high. Different airlines flight attendants, giving a different feeling, different features it. -
China Eastern Airlines - dark blue uniforms, giving the feeling of a very dignified and elegant, China Eastern's flight attendants, on the whole skin is white, face is exquisite, the pleasant smile, as most of the girls here in Shanghai, Shanghai from time to time also take a few words. China Eastern on the good news is there are many small TV, allowing you to pass the next time, but unfortunately always a few jokes and crystals that ad. -
auspicious Airlines - purple red uniforms, but did not give the feeling of a very boring, because luck is a petite stewardess , beautiful, lively, service is very attentive, very soft tone. Good luck to eat rice on the plane, and Western are, mixed pretty good, may also be the reason for the hungry. -
- Shandong Airlines - the uniform of a little rose, giving the feeling of a very approachable, not so much ceremonial smile, people feeling very plain, Shandong Airlines flight attendants, the emphasis is on a Gugan Mei, body is tall, it is clear outline of the face, huh, huh. -
course, this is a sweeping statement, I think the charm of flight attendants more than that, Oh, actually I was thinking, flight attendants to remove the beautiful ring, it is actually very hard job ah. -
-
be continued ......-
-
Monday, May 16, 2011
God bless the people eating the meal
After the meal some excitement around at home or take to the streets
stroll
fed in order to have the next meal is too high too far
heaven tears gum
we intended to keep the pubic region This can only be performed after eating a meal
God bless God bless the people with energy
please God bless the people eating the meal
God bless the people by the people
food is really smooth
not want to be able to live as long as they live right ascension to waste the rest of the
this time to experience but also intended to keep the pubic region
gum tears we can only endure so
* God bless the people eating a meal with energy
God bless you God bless the people of
people eating a meal of food passed
God bless the people (repeat pick **)
God does not request Just kind
just to bless the living do not ask others to bless the sun does not rise
time there is no ground war
** protect workers and the petty-bourgeois peasant girl , and also promoted the promoted police officers Divorce, divorce idle man
please God to bless them ready to sell their ready to move must not want to die
also disappeared
people beginning to feel the support it ( Repeat *
stroll
fed in order to have the next meal is too high too far
heaven tears gum
we intended to keep the pubic region This can only be performed after eating a meal
God bless God bless the people with energy
please God bless the people eating the meal
God bless the people by the people
food is really smooth
not want to be able to live as long as they live right ascension to waste the rest of the
this time to experience but also intended to keep the pubic region
gum tears we can only endure so
* God bless the people eating a meal with energy
God bless you God bless the people of
people eating a meal of food passed
God bless the people (repeat pick **)
God does not request Just kind
just to bless the living do not ask others to bless the sun does not rise
time there is no ground war
** protect workers and the petty-bourgeois peasant girl , and also promoted the promoted police officers Divorce, divorce idle man
please God to bless them ready to sell their ready to move must not want to die
also disappeared
people beginning to feel the support it ( Repeat *
Month of confinement + meal
baby stage】 【
1, no tension, began to reflect the later, feel the need to birth. Wash your hair after a bath with pajamas to the hospital. Drink honey water before delivery can be shortened at least four hours of
2, caesarean section is better than natural labor - → metaphor bruised arm (strong resistance and rapid recovery)
90% caesarean section mothers and children are fever in the first month - → because the resistance has not been bad
child birth canal extrusion process, development is not good for him, grew up the brain's ability to balance and overall relatively poor, and lack of concentration.
★ 3, either Caesarean section or natural delivery, should be tied to athletic
● Why tie cummerbund?
uterus was inverted triangle, the baby was born, the uterus vacated, organs lose support, will naturally drop. In addition to belly does not look good and, more importantly, all women, visceral prolapse is the source of disease and premature aging, it is necessary to tie cummerbund. Tied with other organs in order not to let it go down fast, to the stomach retraction time. In addition, the original body of people for the visceral ptosis can also take advantage of improved confinement brought abdominal size during the tie.
(Note: Only this cummerbund tied themselves to be useful, a complete no use.)
【teacher brings personal experience that people use to tie cummerbund's people will be able to get out of bed that day without the benefits of arm themselves to the toilet back hurt】
● The selection of what kind of athletic supporter? 【】
Athletic props good quality white gauze, gauze must be highly .
circle of about half of the 12 individual abdominal circumference, the width of 30-40 cm.
● specific method steps 【】 asked the teacher demonstration and removal of bundled
● time
1. morning, grooming, easy after that and bound athletic;
2. afternoon, before dinner, if athletic loose, shall be removed and then re-tied to dinner;
3. take a sponge bath (or shower) before athletic removed, take a sponge bath (or shower) before the cummerbund tied;
4. cummerbund Please remove spare before going to sleep.
● Note
1. cummerbund demolition, side release, side roll up the bag (the same as before use) in order to re-use;
2. Summer is easy to sweat, dry towel mat, sweat and then simply discarded; such as white gauze also sweat, the drier should be replaced to maintain good hygiene and health.
【Question】 board on the production of errors:
● caesarean section and natural delivery problems. Caesarean section costs more than natural labor, the hospital caesarean section for more people will be scared mothers, deliberately shun products that are painful, in fact, do not imagine natural labor pain, do not panic. (Usually the hospital also said that the umbilical cord wrapped the baby and so must be the first large section, the teacher explained how to determine the true cord entanglement)
● baby arrhythmia problems. Baby just born, the doctor said arrhythmia. In fact, the baby irregular heart beats normal, be sure to go to four months after the baby's heart rate will be normal.
● baby jaundice problem. Sometimes, the hospital said the baby jaundice, yellow skin, in fact, the baby is normal, as long as the baby is not jaundice eyes are normal.
, 【】
Vega confinement stage: the baby will be born confinement, the teacher, confinement to the weight is not important? Many people say important, people are not foreigners confinement ah!
guests: After the birth of a child, to confinement, to restore the uterus because the uterus affect future health. Therefore, the liver should eat within a week postpartum class, nine months of pregnancy can be deposited in the uterus completely removed from the body of waste. This allows the uterus recovery vacuum, natural hormones are particularly active on the blood and lymph circulation also help, this will look fresh and moist for mothers, such as the young girl with skin as shiny and elastic.
Because of this, confinement for medical treatment: can grow tall, less myopic vision, reduce skin melanin (birthmarks), the tetracycline white and so on.
negative example: foreign neglect after baby care, in the English dictionary there is no So women do not take their own happiness kidding!
Wenqing: Since the confinement affects the future health of women, but also by confinement in treatment. What should be considered whether the confinement that scientific health?
Vega: We would be for more than month of 5000 to provide health services for everyone Zhang to his trick of the light. the topic and board confinement
【Note】
1, after the birth of a child to bed rest for 14 days - → addition to eating up and the toilet, the rest of the time are better in bed, which will help wound healing, uterine contractions
(14 days after the rest is still possible, but not blowing cold, headache, joint pain or left for future root cause)
2, to eat rice row barley Zhugan Tang net uterine waste
3, taboos:
● Do not eat ginseng, leek, or withdrawal of milk (if you do not care to eat, and Zhang introduce remedial measures quickly remedy within three days There are effects)
● taboos: do not eat wolfberry, wolfberry eat in a lifetime confinement, because it can provide fine gas, the maternal restlessness excited and can not rest quietly.
● bathing and shampooing attention.
confinement can not take a bath according to the traditional shampoo. Confinement theory is in fact taking a bath or wash your hair, but can not be washed with the yin and yang (that is not opened mixed hot and cold water, because water does not boil, so it may contain bacteria, the maternal body in the postpartum period capillary blood holes are in the open state, bacteria can easily enter the maternal body cause troubles), but with the opening over the water (cool to suitable temperature) or alcohol resisting heat bath or wash your hair later.
● not to eat raw salt and monosodium glutamate acid metabolism because it is not easy out, the burden will increase the internal organs
4, carrying a child as little as possible during confinement, sitting, standing can not (because the confinement period so the joint is open joints will increase the burden of carrying a child after leaving the root cause of disease)
5, confinement, if the body is swollen - → red bean porridge 【props model is well The red bean porridge】 (Fei Ma also apply to supplementary old body edema, the teachers agreed with Jackie Chan is like the porridge)
on breastfeeding】
● Why breastfeed?
【a】 question the benefits of breastfeeding board
more nutritious because the average only 48 kinds of milk nutrients, and human breast milk has nearly 490 species per nutrient
a mother's breast milk for their babies are custom baby nine months in the womb has been completely adapted to the mother's physical or
Caesarean section because of premature babies breastfed children have to use incomplete development of bones and so on also need to make breastfeeding baby breastfeeding
developed better and better resistance to
breastfeeding can be thin, to prevent breast cancer can be cured of breast
disease
● coup for maternal lactation
】 【Question board galactagogue coup coup
a hot towel maternal arms, clockwise, six times a day. From the first day of production to do, so that mothers can breast smooth, milking well. (This method is effective in treatment of mastitis, and mastitis are many pregnant women worry about the most painful, br> coup two feet of peanut soup - → specific approach (be sure to remove the toxic peanut bitter middle peiya peiya)
three sesame chicken coup - → specific approach
● 【interaction breastfeeding Common Misunderstandings , asked the presenters and the audience, and then demonstrated the proper】 【
misunderstanding the topic and board your baby】
Myth # 1 that he did not breast-in fact, will come three days or so, is this normal physiological .
Myth 2 children born in fact the first day of feeding a child born only two days before the feed temperature of water, because the child nine months in the womb will not defecation, the baby, there are a lot of toxins intestines , need to use boiled water to clean the stomach, and stomach in the baby milk would not achieve detoxification, the effect of defecation.
(Maria does not accept) Fei Ma: My Sun Zaisheng down, I was reluctant to give him water, distressed!
Myth # 3 In fact, too much worry about feeding hungry baby, just born baby stomach is small (only a small glass ball large), can not feed more than your baby overeating, eating baby milk is poured more symptoms. The next day the first day as long as 50 ml 310 ml 190 ml on the third day of the three scale 【Road with 50 ml 190 ml bottle 310 ml specific number of full breast-feeding newborns】
amount
(due to the specific situation is different may vary slightly)
after birth (days) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 30
day feeding volume (ml) 0 90 190 310 350 390 470 500 560
Myth # 4 sat feeding
fact, the right side feeding mother breast-feeding posture, thus protecting the breast do not sag. 【Action】 teacher demonstration of maternal use of two bras, one larger, milk before the milk for later use.
Myth 5 with the first day of maternal milk to feed your baby a matter of fact, the early milk and not feed the baby, why? 【Examples like the first use of faucet, water in the beginning is not very clean. Myth # 6】
left breast milk in each breast milk are generally 50 ml, when the side of the baby eating, on the other side there is still time, it should be out of the refrigerator with a container deposit . Breast milk can not have left, otherwise it will affect the second milk secretion, and how to decide whether the remaining milk? Breast lump, it shows that there are leftover milk. Misunderstanding 7
a crying baby to nurse a matter of fact, may not be hungry crying baby, baby crying, there are two, one is crying tears whirlwind, a whirlwind tears do not cry. Biao was not crying tears of baby in motion, do not control him, let him cry like, but to look at, then do not prevent him from crying on the air; whirlwind tears to cry, adults have to put his mouth with your fingers edge, to judge is not hungry teacher demonstration】 【
8 Yin Yang Misunderstanding of water will take half of the milk from the drinking fountains on the water, the milk is generally cold water yin and yang of water, this does not play a disinfection effect.
7, confinement during the baby out of question board 【Note】
● baby in the womb the baby cold temperatures a few degrees thirty, so the baby cold, take your baby will be the traditional Chinese an apron around him, is holding
● four months before the baby is recognized smell, so her mother started to put his own bed, baby, baby familiar with the smell, he can sleep at
● hold the correct posture is the baby?
● how beat back the baby hiccups? (Burp the child benefit, which will help children say inhaled from the air)
● protect the baby fontanelle (head skull)
V. 【Zhang Nutrition month of the traditional recipe for making meal】
First, the first week of the daily diet (the first day to seventh day)
1, liver: with ginger, rice wine full of water, sesame oil and fried, 300-500 grams per day
2 biochemical soup: After soaking the rice wine into a stew, the natural producers to use 7 posts (days), laparotomy producers to use 14 posts (days)
3, nourishing soup: the blisters into the whole rice wine, Caesarean section a day 280ml
4, sweet glutinous rice porridge: rice boiled into a full-day bowls
5, adzuki bean soup: rice boiled into a full-day bowls
6, black or yellow croaker larvae: the low-temperature baking sesame oil, rice wine full of water, ginger cook, daily bowl.
7, malt or chives: To return to use of milk daily bowl, three bowls of three consecutive JCP. (Breastfeeding are not edible)
Second, the second week of the daily diet (the eighth day to the fourteenth day)
1, kidney: with ginger, rice wine full of water, sesame oil and fried, Daily use of one (two)
2, biochemical soup: rice boiled into a full, abdominal producers must drink to 14 days, the natural producer with 7 days to
3, Liver soup: water brew into a full wine, abdominal producers to use, with 7 days to the natural producers, the daily 280 ml
4, oil rice or sweet rice porridge: rice boiled in full Cheng, daily selection, like oil or sweet rice bowl of rice porridge bowl
5, adzuki bean soup: rice boiled into a full daily two bowls
6, black or yellow croaker larvae : The low-temperature baking sesame oil, rice wine full of water, ginger cook, daily bowl of
7, vegetables: carrots, red or red vegetables seek food, choose the same day two bowls
8, lychees soaked shell or Hawthorn: thirst available, select the same, the daily bowl of
9, plain rice: rice boiled with a full daily bowl, if not eat can not eat three
, the third week and fourth week of the daily diet (the fifteenth day to the full moon)
1, sesame chicken: boiled chicken with all the daily consumption of half a San Taiwan, sent one day a whole chicken every time copies of dollars San Taiwan
2, bean soup: sweet glutinous rice porridge or rice oil: rice boiled into a full, optional, like a daily
3, Fish: black, red fish can be boiled into a full wine, (Caesarean section may eat bass), daily a bowl
4, vegetables: carrots, lotus or spinach white +, A dish, red seek vegetables, seaweed . Rice boiled into a full-day, like two bowls of
5, soaked lychee shell or Hawthorn: thirst available, select the same, the daily bowl of
6, plain rice: rice wine with a full water boiled, daily bowl. If you eat can not eat
7, fruit: cantaloupe, papaya, no child grapes, lotus Service, cherries, peaches, the same day, two meals were
8, noodles: Daily A, rice boiled into a full
9, peanuts pig: no milk or milk lighter mothers who consumed rice boiled into a full, total confinement
used during the San Taiwan Chinese medicine, When pregnant blood in the large consumption of children, fatigue Yang fluid, post-natal qi and blood deficiency and often susceptible to dizziness, fatigue, vertigo, sweating and discomfort, friends house should drink rice wine, qi blood, tone the whole body of the gas blood, increase physical strength. Meanwhile, the wine can enhance the contraction of the uterus, the promotion of lochia discharge, the uterus is conducive to early recovery, and promote the secretion of milk Khan.
recommended not to drink within a week after delivery. Relationship between caesarean section for pregnant women due to surgery, only after a small amount of food in the exhaust. After 2 day, eat light liquid food, such as the bowl of soup, rice soup, etc., and then slowly transition to a normal diet.
Note: cesarean birth should not eat milk, soy milk, sugar and other large gas production and more food.
1, no tension, began to reflect the later, feel the need to birth. Wash your hair after a bath with pajamas to the hospital. Drink honey water before delivery can be shortened at least four hours of
2, caesarean section is better than natural labor - → metaphor bruised arm (strong resistance and rapid recovery)
90% caesarean section mothers and children are fever in the first month - → because the resistance has not been bad
child birth canal extrusion process, development is not good for him, grew up the brain's ability to balance and overall relatively poor, and lack of concentration.
★ 3, either Caesarean section or natural delivery, should be tied to athletic
● Why tie cummerbund?
uterus was inverted triangle, the baby was born, the uterus vacated, organs lose support, will naturally drop. In addition to belly does not look good and, more importantly, all women, visceral prolapse is the source of disease and premature aging, it is necessary to tie cummerbund. Tied with other organs in order not to let it go down fast, to the stomach retraction time. In addition, the original body of people for the visceral ptosis can also take advantage of improved confinement brought abdominal size during the tie.
(Note: Only this cummerbund tied themselves to be useful, a complete no use.)
【teacher brings personal experience that people use to tie cummerbund's people will be able to get out of bed that day without the benefits of arm themselves to the toilet back hurt】
● The selection of what kind of athletic supporter? 【】
Athletic props good quality white gauze, gauze must be highly .
circle of about half of the 12 individual abdominal circumference, the width of 30-40 cm.
● specific method steps 【】 asked the teacher demonstration and removal of bundled
● time
1. morning, grooming, easy after that and bound athletic;
2. afternoon, before dinner, if athletic loose, shall be removed and then re-tied to dinner;
3. take a sponge bath (or shower) before athletic removed, take a sponge bath (or shower) before the cummerbund tied;
4. cummerbund Please remove spare before going to sleep.
● Note
1. cummerbund demolition, side release, side roll up the bag (the same as before use) in order to re-use;
2. Summer is easy to sweat, dry towel mat, sweat and then simply discarded; such as white gauze also sweat, the drier should be replaced to maintain good hygiene and health.
【Question】 board on the production of errors:
● caesarean section and natural delivery problems. Caesarean section costs more than natural labor, the hospital caesarean section for more people will be scared mothers, deliberately shun products that are painful, in fact, do not imagine natural labor pain, do not panic. (Usually the hospital also said that the umbilical cord wrapped the baby and so must be the first large section, the teacher explained how to determine the true cord entanglement)
● baby arrhythmia problems. Baby just born, the doctor said arrhythmia. In fact, the baby irregular heart beats normal, be sure to go to four months after the baby's heart rate will be normal.
● baby jaundice problem. Sometimes, the hospital said the baby jaundice, yellow skin, in fact, the baby is normal, as long as the baby is not jaundice eyes are normal.
, 【】
Vega confinement stage: the baby will be born confinement, the teacher, confinement to the weight is not important? Many people say important, people are not foreigners confinement ah!
guests: After the birth of a child, to confinement, to restore the uterus because the uterus affect future health. Therefore, the liver should eat within a week postpartum class, nine months of pregnancy can be deposited in the uterus completely removed from the body of waste. This allows the uterus recovery vacuum, natural hormones are particularly active on the blood and lymph circulation also help, this will look fresh and moist for mothers, such as the young girl with skin as shiny and elastic.
Because of this, confinement for medical treatment: can grow tall, less myopic vision, reduce skin melanin (birthmarks), the tetracycline white and so on.
negative example: foreign neglect after baby care, in the English dictionary there is no So women do not take their own happiness kidding!
Wenqing: Since the confinement affects the future health of women, but also by confinement in treatment. What should be considered whether the confinement that scientific health?
Vega: We would be for more than month of 5000 to provide health services for everyone Zhang to his trick of the light. the topic and board confinement
【Note】
1, after the birth of a child to bed rest for 14 days - → addition to eating up and the toilet, the rest of the time are better in bed, which will help wound healing, uterine contractions
(14 days after the rest is still possible, but not blowing cold, headache, joint pain or left for future root cause)
2, to eat rice row barley Zhugan Tang net uterine waste
3, taboos:
● Do not eat ginseng, leek, or withdrawal of milk (if you do not care to eat, and Zhang introduce remedial measures quickly remedy within three days There are effects)
● taboos: do not eat wolfberry, wolfberry eat in a lifetime confinement, because it can provide fine gas, the maternal restlessness excited and can not rest quietly.
● bathing and shampooing attention.
confinement can not take a bath according to the traditional shampoo. Confinement theory is in fact taking a bath or wash your hair, but can not be washed with the yin and yang (that is not opened mixed hot and cold water, because water does not boil, so it may contain bacteria, the maternal body in the postpartum period capillary blood holes are in the open state, bacteria can easily enter the maternal body cause troubles), but with the opening over the water (cool to suitable temperature) or alcohol resisting heat bath or wash your hair later.
● not to eat raw salt and monosodium glutamate acid metabolism because it is not easy out, the burden will increase the internal organs
4, carrying a child as little as possible during confinement, sitting, standing can not (because the confinement period so the joint is open joints will increase the burden of carrying a child after leaving the root cause of disease)
5, confinement, if the body is swollen - → red bean porridge 【props model is well The red bean porridge】 (Fei Ma also apply to supplementary old body edema, the teachers agreed with Jackie Chan is like the porridge)
on breastfeeding】
● Why breastfeed?
【a】 question the benefits of breastfeeding board
more nutritious because the average only 48 kinds of milk nutrients, and human breast milk has nearly 490 species per nutrient
a mother's breast milk for their babies are custom baby nine months in the womb has been completely adapted to the mother's physical or
Caesarean section because of premature babies breastfed children have to use incomplete development of bones and so on also need to make breastfeeding baby breastfeeding
developed better and better resistance to
breastfeeding can be thin, to prevent breast cancer can be cured of breast
disease
● coup for maternal lactation
】 【Question board galactagogue coup coup
a hot towel maternal arms, clockwise, six times a day. From the first day of production to do, so that mothers can breast smooth, milking well. (This method is effective in treatment of mastitis, and mastitis are many pregnant women worry about the most painful, br> coup two feet of peanut soup - → specific approach (be sure to remove the toxic peanut bitter middle peiya peiya)
three sesame chicken coup - → specific approach
● 【interaction breastfeeding Common Misunderstandings , asked the presenters and the audience, and then demonstrated the proper】 【
misunderstanding the topic and board your baby】
Myth # 1 that he did not breast-in fact, will come three days or so, is this normal physiological .
Myth 2 children born in fact the first day of feeding a child born only two days before the feed temperature of water, because the child nine months in the womb will not defecation, the baby, there are a lot of toxins intestines , need to use boiled water to clean the stomach, and stomach in the baby milk would not achieve detoxification, the effect of defecation.
(Maria does not accept) Fei Ma: My Sun Zaisheng down, I was reluctant to give him water, distressed!
Myth # 3 In fact, too much worry about feeding hungry baby, just born baby stomach is small (only a small glass ball large), can not feed more than your baby overeating, eating baby milk is poured more symptoms. The next day the first day as long as 50 ml 310 ml 190 ml on the third day of the three scale 【Road with 50 ml 190 ml bottle 310 ml specific number of full breast-feeding newborns】
amount
(due to the specific situation is different may vary slightly)
after birth (days) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 30
day feeding volume (ml) 0 90 190 310 350 390 470 500 560
Myth # 4 sat feeding
fact, the right side feeding mother breast-feeding posture, thus protecting the breast do not sag. 【Action】 teacher demonstration of maternal use of two bras, one larger, milk before the milk for later use.
Myth 5 with the first day of maternal milk to feed your baby a matter of fact, the early milk and not feed the baby, why? 【Examples like the first use of faucet, water in the beginning is not very clean. Myth # 6】
left breast milk in each breast milk are generally 50 ml, when the side of the baby eating, on the other side there is still time, it should be out of the refrigerator with a container deposit . Breast milk can not have left, otherwise it will affect the second milk secretion, and how to decide whether the remaining milk? Breast lump, it shows that there are leftover milk. Misunderstanding 7
a crying baby to nurse a matter of fact, may not be hungry crying baby, baby crying, there are two, one is crying tears whirlwind, a whirlwind tears do not cry. Biao was not crying tears of baby in motion, do not control him, let him cry like, but to look at, then do not prevent him from crying on the air; whirlwind tears to cry, adults have to put his mouth with your fingers edge, to judge is not hungry teacher demonstration】 【
8 Yin Yang Misunderstanding of water will take half of the milk from the drinking fountains on the water, the milk is generally cold water yin and yang of water, this does not play a disinfection effect.
7, confinement during the baby out of question board 【Note】
● baby in the womb the baby cold temperatures a few degrees thirty, so the baby cold, take your baby will be the traditional Chinese an apron around him, is holding
● four months before the baby is recognized smell, so her mother started to put his own bed, baby, baby familiar with the smell, he can sleep at
● hold the correct posture is the baby?
● how beat back the baby hiccups? (Burp the child benefit, which will help children say inhaled from the air)
● protect the baby fontanelle (head skull)
V. 【Zhang Nutrition month of the traditional recipe for making meal】
First, the first week of the daily diet (the first day to seventh day)
1, liver: with ginger, rice wine full of water, sesame oil and fried, 300-500 grams per day
2 biochemical soup: After soaking the rice wine into a stew, the natural producers to use 7 posts (days), laparotomy producers to use 14 posts (days)
3, nourishing soup: the blisters into the whole rice wine, Caesarean section a day 280ml
4, sweet glutinous rice porridge: rice boiled into a full-day bowls
5, adzuki bean soup: rice boiled into a full-day bowls
6, black or yellow croaker larvae: the low-temperature baking sesame oil, rice wine full of water, ginger cook, daily bowl.
7, malt or chives: To return to use of milk daily bowl, three bowls of three consecutive JCP. (Breastfeeding are not edible)
Second, the second week of the daily diet (the eighth day to the fourteenth day)
1, kidney: with ginger, rice wine full of water, sesame oil and fried, Daily use of one (two)
2, biochemical soup: rice boiled into a full, abdominal producers must drink to 14 days, the natural producer with 7 days to
3, Liver soup: water brew into a full wine, abdominal producers to use, with 7 days to the natural producers, the daily 280 ml
4, oil rice or sweet rice porridge: rice boiled in full Cheng, daily selection, like oil or sweet rice bowl of rice porridge bowl
5, adzuki bean soup: rice boiled into a full daily two bowls
6, black or yellow croaker larvae : The low-temperature baking sesame oil, rice wine full of water, ginger cook, daily bowl of
7, vegetables: carrots, red or red vegetables seek food, choose the same day two bowls
8, lychees soaked shell or Hawthorn: thirst available, select the same, the daily bowl of
9, plain rice: rice boiled with a full daily bowl, if not eat can not eat three
, the third week and fourth week of the daily diet (the fifteenth day to the full moon)
1, sesame chicken: boiled chicken with all the daily consumption of half a San Taiwan, sent one day a whole chicken every time copies of dollars San Taiwan
2, bean soup: sweet glutinous rice porridge or rice oil: rice boiled into a full, optional, like a daily
3, Fish: black, red fish can be boiled into a full wine, (Caesarean section may eat bass), daily a bowl
4, vegetables: carrots, lotus or spinach white +, A dish, red seek vegetables, seaweed . Rice boiled into a full-day, like two bowls of
5, soaked lychee shell or Hawthorn: thirst available, select the same, the daily bowl of
6, plain rice: rice wine with a full water boiled, daily bowl. If you eat can not eat
7, fruit: cantaloupe, papaya, no child grapes, lotus Service, cherries, peaches, the same day, two meals were
8, noodles: Daily A, rice boiled into a full
9, peanuts pig: no milk or milk lighter mothers who consumed rice boiled into a full, total confinement
used during the San Taiwan Chinese medicine, When pregnant blood in the large consumption of children, fatigue Yang fluid, post-natal qi and blood deficiency and often susceptible to dizziness, fatigue, vertigo, sweating and discomfort, friends house should drink rice wine, qi blood, tone the whole body of the gas blood, increase physical strength. Meanwhile, the wine can enhance the contraction of the uterus, the promotion of lochia discharge, the uterus is conducive to early recovery, and promote the secretion of milk Khan.
recommended not to drink within a week after delivery. Relationship between caesarean section for pregnant women due to surgery, only after a small amount of food in the exhaust. After 2 day, eat light liquid food, such as the bowl of soup, rice soup, etc., and then slowly transition to a normal diet.
Note: cesarean birth should not eat milk, soy milk, sugar and other large gas production and more food.
Thursday, May 5, 2011
Perception of life ~ ~ (^ __ ^ )
the little time you wish to grow up, because they feel they can get more , and so grow up to remember bits and pieces of life, they think a child is the most happy, carefree Without taking into account the .
have called the siege of the book, made for a wonderful description of love , Never know what you want, get the same time will be lost.
cherish the present , and is the most correct!
if you love to have to endure , but if you feel tired, as early as broken , save the future by a greater harm .
love is mutual. Not endless selection , more than business, but feeling is to maintain long-term relationships and health ! If you want someone you
attention , they must first focus on their own .
have called the siege of the book, made for a wonderful description of love , Never know what you want, get the same time will be lost.
cherish the present , and is the most correct!
if you love to have to endure , but if you feel tired, as early as broken , save the future by a greater harm .
love is mutual. Not endless selection , more than business, but feeling is to maintain long-term relationships and health ! If you want someone you
attention , they must first focus on their own .
As long as you learn, in construction, no matter what profession absolutely can to
A certain collection of it, do not miss . (B )Chapter
a base layer, column reinforcement
based Reinforcing = thickness of the base - the upper protective layer + steel stretching the length of + Max {10D, 200mm}
II , base, base, hoop hoop
only play a solid role in the role, it can be said to be to prevent the torsion bar in the pouring action. Is usually calculated by 2 (the software is based on three.)
Chapter
a middle layer, column longitudinal reinforcement
1, KZ middle layer of the longitudinal reinforcement = story - out of the current layer on the ground floor height + reach the height of the ground floor, two
column stirrup
1, KZ middle layer of the root of the number of hoops one encrypted area = N / encrypted area of non-encrypted space + N + area / non-encrypted area spacing -1
03G101 -1 in stirrups on an encrypted column area are as follows
1) the first floor column stirrup three encrypted areas, namely: the length of the lower stirrup encrypted area to take Hn / 3; upper take Max {500 , long side column size, Hn / 6}; beam joint range of encryption; if the column uses banding lap, lap within the same time it needs to be encrypted.
2) above the first floor column stirrups were: upper and lower parts of the stirrups were removed and the length encryption Max {500, column length edge size, Hn / 6}; beam joint range of encryption; if the column uses banding lap, lap within the same time it needs to be encrypted. KZ III
top top
different because of their location, into corner posts, side columns and column, and thus a variety of anchoring the top of column longitudinal reinforcement vary. (See page 03G101-1 s 37,38)
one corner posts corner posts
the top layer of clear height of longitudinal reinforcement length = Hn + top steel anchor value, then the prism value of the top steel anchor is how to consider it?
; bend anchor (Lae): girder - protective layer +12 d
a, inside the anchorage length of straight steel anchor (Lae): Leung, - protective layer
; ; 1.5Lae
b, the outer anchorage length of steel columns at the top of the first layer: high beams - protective layer + column width - protective layer +8 d
column at the top of the second layer: Leung - protective layer + column width - protective layer
Note: GGJ V8.1, the inside of the curved steel bar anchorage length Anchor (Lae): Leung, - protective layer +12 d
; ; ; direct anchoring (Lae): Leung, - protective layer
lateral reinforcement anchorage length = Max {1.5Lae, Leung - protective layer + column width - protective layer}
Second, the top side of longitudinal column reinforcement
side column length = Hn + top layer of clear height steel anchor value, then the top edge of steel anchor column value is how to consider it?
side column longitudinal reinforcement of the anchor into the top inside and outside of reinforced steel anchor anchor:
a, the length of the inside bend steel anchor bolt (Lae ): Leung, - protective layer +12 d
; straight Anchor (Lae): Leung, - protective layer
b, lateral reinforcement anchorage length: 1.5Lae
Note: GGJ V8.1, the inside of the curved steel bar anchorage length of anchor (Lae): Leung, - protective layer +12 d
direct anchoring (Lae): Leung, - protective layer
; lateral reinforcement anchorage length = Max {1.5Lae, Leung - protective layer + column width - protective layer}
three column
top longitudinal reinforcement in the column length = Hn + clear height of the top layer of reinforced anchor value, then the value column is how the top bar anchorage consider it?
top longitudinal reinforcement in the column to bend the anchorage length anchor (Lae): Leung, - protective layer +12 d
direct anchoring (Lae): girder - protective layer
Note: GGJ V8.1, the processing above.
Chapter board
in practical engineering, we know that board panels and cast into precast panels, this is mainly of cloth Slab reinforcement situation.
Ligament are: muscle force (one-way or two-way, single or double), bearing negative reinforcement, distribution of tendons, additional reinforcement (additional radiation corner bars, additional reinforced hole), shoring bars ( when the support bar on the lower layer).
one
software tendon force, tendon force is based on the length of the calculation grids.
axis force tendon length = size + left + right anchor + anchor both ends of the hook (in the case of grade Ⅰ bars).
root number = (axis length - reduced value) / fabric reinforcement spacing +1
Second, negative reinforcement and distribution of muscle
negative reinforcement negative reinforcement length = length + left + right bending bent
negative reinforcement root number = (cloth reinforcement range - reduced value) / fabric reinforcement bar spacing +1
distribution range of length = length of the negative reinforcement layout - deduct the value of negative reinforcement negative reinforcement distribution
root number = negative reinforcement bars input The length of the interface of negative reinforcement / distribution space +1
three tendons, additional reinforcement (additional radiation corner bar, an additional reinforcement hole), support bars (when the support bar on the lower layer)
direct calculation based on the actual situation reinforcement length, root number can be, can be used directly in the software input method based computing. Chapter FAQ
Why steel calculation, 135o hooks in software that we counted as 11.9d?
calculation of our software in the hoop is actually taken 11.9D hook with the results of measuring the difference, we know that hook straight length is 10D, then measure the difference should be 1.9D, 1.9D below this measure we derive about the origins of the difference:
calculated in accordance with the results of skin is 1000 +300; if it is calculated according to the center line :1000-D / 2-d +135 / 360 * 3.14 * (D / 2 + d / 2) * 2 +300, where D is the specification to take the minimum radius of 2.5d, this time behind the formulas used by the results of the previous formula is: 1.87d ≈ 1.9d.
beam when there are two hanging bars do?
information in the input box with hanging bars The beam width of the back of the sub-one correspondence in accordance with hanging bars, such as input into the 250/300 (2B22 beam width corresponds to 250; 2B25 beam width corresponding to 300)
bearing on both sides of the beam in the middle of the bar is not at the same time, the software is how to handle it?
bearing on both sides of the beam in the middle of the bar is not the same time, we have the right software directly into the current cross-bearing negative reinforcement and negative reinforcement the next inter-bearing reinforced left. Software to calculate the principle is reinforced on both sides of the same bearing, through; a difference in the anchorage; determine the principle is the same as the input format is adopted, a difference in the anchorage. Negative reinforcement at right bearing for the 5B22, the next cross-bearing negative reinforcement for the left-5B22 +2 B20, the five reinforced by bearing 22, two anchoring the bearing 20.
variable section beams in software is how to handle it?
in software, variable cross-section beams were divided into two:
1, when the height difference of> 1 / 6 of the beam is high, regardless of the format is the same on both sides, both sides of the bar all by anchoring calculated. Bending length is 15d + elevation.
2, when the height difference of <1 / 6 of the beam is high, reinforced by bearing different judgments on both sides of the conditions for processing.
If the frame column concrete strength to change how we handle column longitudinal reinforcement?
If the frame column concrete strength to change the column longitudinal reinforcement of the deal are two cases:
1, if the column longitudinal reinforcement using electroslag welding, press the top column strength grade of concrete to set;
2, if the column longitudinal reinforcement lap banding used, for example, 1 to 2 layer C45, 3 ~ 10 layers for the C35, the column to be separated to create two components: one for the C45, as 3 layer, but only enter the member section 3-layer size and storey purpose is to keep the top layer 2 calculated as the anchor; another component to establish 1 to 10 layers, 1 to 2 layers only enter the member section size and storey, reinforced Information Since the 3 layers start typing, so that you can solve the problem.
circular column spiral reinforcement per meter length of the formula: L = N (P * P + (D-2b + do) ^ 2 * π ^ 2) ^ 0.5 + the length of the two hook
where:
N = screw turns, N = L / P (L length of the circular column for the component length)
P = pitch
D = diameter
do = spiral structures
b = diameter of steel protective layer.
Also:
theoretical mass = steel reinforcement length * The quality of steel per meter mass = total consumption
steel reinforcement theory of quality * [1 + bar ( iron) loss rate]
quality calculation shortcut bar theory:
theory of quality steel bar diameter = square (in mm) * 0.00617
Second, CAD, word, excel conversion between.
one, CAD graphics or tables copied to WORD, EXCEL steps
1, change the CAD system variables WMFBKGND is OFF, make the background transparent CAD,
if you want to copy in black and white graphics can be in the Layer Manager, which the layer color to white (7);
2, select the graphic you want to copy, use the
3, switch to the WORD or EXCEL, activation need to paste the area, and then select
4, paste the original results as shown;
5, using the ;
6, the effect of cutting and scaled as shown;
7, such as graphics need to be modified, press the CAD Drawing to be modified to return to;
EXCEL approach also copied to the above.
Second, WORD, EXCEL graphs or tables copied to the CAD step
1, select the need to copy the graphic or table, use the
2, switch to the CAD program, and then select
3, select Paste as
4, choose Paste the insertion point, as shown after the effect of paste;
5, lines or text after paste can be edited directly in the CAD, as shown below;
CAD to the Office to add a few: CAD map pasted into Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Publisher can use this method.
1, line width - the proposed multi-segment line to set the line width, because the width width width of only two post-paste, not pretty;
2, the proportion of the problem - if possible, maximize the use of 1:1 drawing, where the ratio of 1:1 is printed, that is, the need to print to 10mm,
graphics to draw into 10 units, both to control the map scale, but also can control the line width;
3, background Colors - 2002 in the layout of the space (the background of the general layout of the space is white) copy, 2004,2005,2006 copied directly on the line, no need to modify the background color.
three clear contracting construction projects price
template :19-23 Yuan / square meter (sticky gray surface) -
concrete :38-41 Yuan / Li, -
reinforced :310-420 yuan / ton, or 10-13 yuan / m2-
masonry :55-70 Yuan / Li. -
plaster :7-15 yuan / square meter (not net of door and window openings, do not include ride demolition scaffolding) -
tile paste 18/m2.-
room floor tile (600 * 600) 15 yuan / square meter, -
baseboard: 3 yuan / m, -
room wall: 25 yuan / square meter (including the chamfered) -
stone staircase: 28 yuan / square meters, stepping board edging: 10 yuan / m. -
gypsum board ceiling: 20 yuan (flat roof) Lvkou Ban hanging items: 25 yuan / square meter, -
Taiwan cut off squatting :120-300 / rub bit. -
white latex paint: 6 yuan / square meter. -
outside the wall: 43 yuan / square meter, -
wall hanging mushroom: 50 yuan / square meters. -
roof battens: 13 yuan / square meter. -
Plumbing: 9 yuan / square meter (floor space) -
electrical lighting components: 6 yuan / square meters. -
woodworking :18-24 Yuan / square meter (sticky gray surface), carpentry 35-50 yuan / m2, -
Jia Zigong 5.5 yuan / m2, -
real estate construction costs (based on square meter operator) -
-
1, pile foundation (if any): 70 ~ 100 yuan / square meter; -
2, bar: 40 ~ 75KG / square meter (multi-layer content was lower, the higher level content), or 160 ~ 300 yuan / square meter; -
3, Concrete: 0.3 to 0.5 cubic meters / square meter (multi-layer content was lower, the higher level content), or 100 to 165 yuan / square meter; -
4, masonry works: 60 ~ 120 yuan / square meter (multi-layer high content, high content of low );-
5, plaster works: 25 to 40 yuan / square meter; -
6, exterior works (including insulation): 50 ~ 100 yuan / square meter (in general as the standard coating, such as stone or wall, it may be as high as 300 to 1000 yuan / square meter; -
7, the indoor installation of water (including fire): 60 ~ 120 yuan / square meter (at district level, multi-layer slightly lower );-
8, roof project: 15 ~ 30 Yuan / square meter (multi-layer high content, high content of low );-
9, doors and windows (excluding entry door): windows and doors per square meter of floor space area of about 0.25 to 0.5 square meters (with high-end design and are closely related to a larger proportion of high-grade), cost 90 ~ 300 yuan / square meter, generally 90 to 150 yuan / square meter, such as the use of high-grade aluminum windows and doors, you may reach 300 yuan / square meter; -
10, earth, entry door, flue and public parts of decoration: 30 to 150 yuan / square meter (high and low quality relationship with the community great, the higher the grade, the higher cost );-
11, basement (if any): increased cost of 40 ~ 100 yuan / square meter (multi-layer high content, high content of low );-
12, Elevator Engineering Company (if any): 40 ~ 200 yuan / square meter, and the grade of the elevator, the elevator and the floor to set the number of how many have great relations, general engineering is about 100 yuan / square meter; -
13, labor costs: 130 to 200 yuan / square meter; -
14, Outdoor matching projects: 30 ~ 300 yuan / square meter, generally about 70 to 100 yuan / square meter; -
15, templates, support, scaffold engineering (costs): 70 ~ 150 yuan / square meter; -
16, tower cranes, people and goods lifts, lifts and other various types of construction machinery, etc. (the total cost of about 5 to 8%: about 60 ~ 90 Yuan / square meter; -
17, the temporary facilities (living area, office area, warehouse, road, field other temporary facilities (water, electricity, sewage, images, and other production plant shelf space): 30 ~ 50 Yuan / square meter; - ;
18, testing, testing, procedures, transportation, communication and other expenses: 10 ~ 30 Yuan / square meter; -
19, contractor management fees, materials, labor, profits and other costs (about 10%): the sum of the above * 10% = 90 ~ 180 yuan / square meter; -
20, various taxes and fees paid to the state (the total cost of 3.3 ~ 3.5%): 33 ~ 70 Yuan / square meter, high-end may be as high as 100 yuan / square meter. -
not counted more than decoration, usually cost about 1000 ~ 2000 yuan / square meter, high-end residential up to 3,500 yuan. Above do not include some of the corruption caused by state-owned enterprises development costs. The decor is generally 500 to 1,500 yuan / square meter, depending on grade level, there are 300 yuan / square meter Jianzhuang Xiu, more 3,000 to 10,000 yuan / square meter ultra high-end renovation (bag check.) -
21, design fees (including fees during the initial design concept): 15 ~ 100 yuan / square meter; -
22, supervision fees: 3 to 30 yuan / square meter; -
23, advertising, planning, sales agents fees: generally 30 to 200 yuan / square meter, the higher up to 500 yuan / square meters; -
24, the land cost: general second-tier urban areas (the old rural areas) is 70 ~ 100 million / acre, floor area ratio is generally 1.0 to 2.0, so the conversion rate is: 525 ~ 1500 yuan / sq m, the urban center generally is 200 yuan / mu, conversion rates are: 1500 ~ 3000 yuan / sq m, the core region up to 300 yuan / mu, the land cost more unilateral; first-tier cities and even up to 20,000 yuan / square meter unilateral cost of the land above; third-tier cities, counties and other unilateral lower cost of land, usually 100 to 500 yuan / square meter, there are up to 2,000 yuan / square meters of the situation; -
25, land taxes and pre-fee, generally about 15% of land costs, second-tier cities is generally 100 to 500 yuan / square meters, the local standards are not the same. -
Conclusion: The basic construction cost is fixed, even if we do not accept the relocation of the Housing section of land, construction of the national minimum standards, the cost is difficult to less than 1,000 yuan / square meter. In fact, the multi-ordinary housing, and Chien costs about 1,200 yuan / square meters, a small high-rise and high-level general commercial, and Chien cost about 1500 ~ 1800 yuan / square meters, the higher the grade, the higher the cost. Can be none other key is: the district level, the land to the government to pay part of the local government fees and taxes, advertising, sale of part of the cost of planning, renovation costs. In addition, the developer of the development of quality there is a certain relationship, If you always keep the prices down, quality is to be worse; private developers than the state / government developers indeed lower the cost, mainly two reasons, first, most of the private enterprises are mainly oriented to efficiency, cost control some better general, and second, the cost of private enterprise corruption is relatively lower. Whatever the reason, up and down with the quality of the area will not exceed the cost of 100 to 200 yuan / square meter. -
-
the basis of common sense 12, need 64 square wall of a standard brick wall
18 a square requires 96 standard brick wall
24 standards require 128 a square brick wall
37 a square to be the standard for the 192 a square brick wall to be
49 256 standard brick
block formula:
wall unit dosage of 240 cubic meters of 1 / (0.24 * 0.12 * 0.6)
; wall unit dosage of 370 cubic meters of 1 / (0.37 * 0.12 * 0.6)
hollow wall 24 need more than 80 square blocks of a standard brick
A civil engineer should have the data (transfer)
one, the amount of ordinary residential buildings of concrete and steel weight:
1, multi-storey masonry house:
reinforced concrete 0.3-0.33m3/m2
30KG/m2
2, multi-frame
reinforced concrete 0.33-0.35m3/m2
38-42KG/m2
; 3, 11-12 layers of small high-rise concrete 0.35m3
reinforced 50-52KG/m2
/ m2
4, 17-18 senior level
reinforced 54-60KG/m2
Concrete 0.36m3/m2
5, 30-story high-level H = 94 米
reinforced 65-75KG/m2
concrete 0.42-0.47m3/m2
6, 28-story high-rise apartments
H = 90 米65-70KG/m2
reinforced concrete 0.38-0.42m3/m2
7, Villa between consumption and the amount of concrete multi-storey steel and high-level masonry home 11-12 over the data layer
7 degree earthquake zone rules by design
II , ordinary multi-storey residential building construction budget economic indicators
1, outdoor windows (not including cell door, security door) area of the floor area of 0.20-0.24
2, total construction area of 2.2 template area around
3, the outdoor area of the floor area of plaster about 0.4
4, interior plaster area of the construction area 3.8
Third, the construction efficiency
1, a plaster plaster work day in the 35 square meters
; 2, a red brick brickwork 1000-1800 day puzzle pieces
3, a hollow brick brickwork day puzzle pieces
800-1000 4, the tiles 15 square meters
5, 300 square meters of first pass scraping white / day, and the second over 180 square meters / day, the third time calendar 90 square meters / day
four basic data
1, concrete weight 2500KG/m3
2, steel per meter Weight 0.00617 * d * d
3, dry sand weight 1500KG/m3, wet sand weight 1700KG/m3
4, stone Weight 2200KG/m3
5, one cubic meter of about 525 bricks (sub thickness of the wall)
6, one cubic meter hollow brick 175 or so
7, screening 1.3 one side clean sand to be a little different point of view of ordinary sand
:
1, ordinary multi-storey residential masonry: steel 25-30KG/m2, including affordable housing for the 16--18KG/m2.
2, ordinary multi-storey masonry houses, outdoor wiping gray area of the floor area of 0.5 - 0.7.
3, ordinary multi-storey masonry residential area of the building area template 1.3 - 2.2, according to the number of cast panels, a large column density.
4, a brick wall brickwork 1000-1800 240 puzzle pieces one day, 370 or 500 Wall 2000 - 3000 block.
5, reinforced concrete weight 2200KG/m3, plain concrete weight 2100KG/m3.
6, project stone weight 1800KG/m3. )
0.617 is the weight per meter of reinforced round of 10. Steel weight and diameter (radius) proportional to the square.
G = 0.617 * D * D/100
weight per meter (Kg) = bar diameter (mm) × diameter steel bars (mm) × 0.00617
in fact remember the weight of steel commonly used in construction projects is also very simple φ6 = 0.222 Kg φ6.5 = 0.26kg φ8 = 0.395kg φ10 = 0.617kg φ12 = 0.888kg Φ14 = 1.21kg Φ16 = 1.58kg Φ18 = 2.0kg Φ24 = 2.47kgΦ22 = 2.98kgΦ25 = 3.85kgΦ28 = 4.837kg ............
Φ12 (with 12) the following, and Φ28 (including 28) of the steel generally take three digits after the decimal point, Φ14 Φ25 reinforced to take two digits after the decimal point generally
Φ6 = 0.222Kg
Φ8 = 0.395Kg
Φ10 = 0.617Kg
; Φ12 = 0.888Kg
Φ14 = 1.21Kg
Φ16 = 1.58Kg
Φ18 = 2Kg
Φ20 = 2.47Kg
Φ22 = 3Kg
; Φ25 = 3.86Kg
formula I have the experience, you calculate a table on it. Forms can also go to buy a book with them is also very convenient.
theoretical weight of steel materials, simply type the name of
theoretical weight W (kg / m)
; flat steel, steel sheet, strip W = 0.00785 × width × thickness
square steel W = 0.00785 × side length 2
round bar, wire rod, steel wire W = 0.00617 × diameter 2
steel wall thickness W = 0.02466 × (OD - Wall Thickness)
; other side edge angle W = 0.00785 × thickness (2 edge width - edge thickness)
unequal angle W = 0.00785 × edge thickness (L short side edge width + width - edge thickness)
beam waist W = 0.00785 × thickness [high + f (leg width - waist thick)]
channel W = 0.00785 × waist thick [high + e (leg width - waist thick)]
Notes
1 , angle steel, channel steel I-beam and the exact formula is complex, and the table used to calculate the approximate simplified.
2, f values: general models and with a, 3.34, 2.65 with b, with c, was 2.26.
3, e values: general models and with a, 3.26, 2.44 with b, with c, 2.24.
4, the length of the units are in millimeters
First, the amount of ordinary residential buildings of concrete and steel capacity:
; 1, multi-Masonry Residential:
30KG/m2
reinforced concrete 0.3-0.33m3/m2
2, multi-storey concrete frame
reinforced 38-42KG/m2
0.33-0.35 m3/m2
3, 11-12 high-rise concrete layer
reinforced 50-52KG/m2
0.35m3/m2
4, 17-18 senior level
reinforced 54-60KG/m2
concrete 0.36m3/m2
5, 30-story high-level H = 94 米
65-75KG/m2
reinforced concrete 0.42-0.47m3/m2
6, 28-story high-rise apartments H = 90 米
65-70KG/m2
reinforced concrete 0.38-0.42m3/m2
7, villas, and the amount of concrete between steel consumption and high-level multi-storey residential masonry layer 11-12
7 degrees above the data zone rules by seismic design
Second, ordinary multi-storey residential building construction budget economic indicators
1, outside doors and windows (not including cell door, security door) area of the floor area of 0.20-0.24
2, total construction area of 2.2 template area around
3, the outdoor area of the floor area of plaster about 0.4
4, interior plaster total construction area of 3.8
area of the three, the construction efficiency
1 , a plaster plaster work day in the 35 square meters
2, a red brick brickwork 1000-1800 day puzzle pieces
3, a hollow brick brickwork 800-1000 day puzzle pieces
4, 15 square meters of ceramic tile
5, 300 square meters of first pass scraping white / day, and the second over 180 square meters / day, the third time calendar of 90 square meters / day
four basic data
1, concrete weight 2500KG/m3
2, the weight of steel per meter 0.00617 * d * d
3, dry sand weight 1500KG/m3, wet sand weight 1700KG/m3
4, stone weight 2200KG/m3
5, one cubic meter of red about 525 bricks (sub thickness of the wall)
6, one cubic meter of about 175 hollow brick
7, screen clean sand to be 1.3 square one ordinary sand
Some of the decoration formula 1, to tile amount of: (Note general different in different chamber loss rate of about 1-5%)
amount per meter = 100 / [(length + Gray Block material fracture width) × (W + mortar joint block material W)] × (1 + loss rate)
such as selection of retro tile specification 0.5 × 0.5M, patchwork width 0.002M, loss rate of 1%, 100 square meters, the number of blocks required to:
100 square meters of consumption = 100 / [(0.5 +0.002) × (0.5 +0.002) × (1 +0.01) is approximately equal to 401 total =
tiles tiles tiles number × price
2, the ceiling amount:
the amount of ceiling panels = (long - long shielded) × (W - wide screen)
such as size of area to calculate the net ceiling of the amount of PVC plastic. PVC plastic board price is 50.81 yuan per square meter, shielding length, width are 0.24M, ceiling length 3M, width of 4.5M, the amount is as follows:
ceiling board amount = (3-0.24) × (4.5- 0.24) approximately equal to 11.76 per square meter
3, the amount of packages door:
package outside the door frame material amount = length × width
example outside the box (pictured) package with a composite wood door, door frame length 2.7M, width of 1.5M, then the amount of material is as follows:
bag door material consumption = 2.7 × 1.5 = 4.05 平方米
4, wallpapers dosage:
Wallpaper amount = (High - Shielded length) × (W - Screen width) × wall a few - the door area - window area
example (pictured) to net size area of the wall, shielding the 24CM, wall height 2.5M, width 5M, gate area of 2.8 square meters, the window area of 3.6 square meters, the amount is as follows:
Wallpaper amount = [(2.5-0.24) × (5-0.24)] × 4-2.8-3.6 approximately equal to 36.6 square meters more than in part
with the feeding amount of calculation, according to the decoration of the parts one by one with their respective unit prices multiplied by the cumulative feeding amount, to draw a total renovation cost of materials.
5, the floor amount of: (solid)
amount = room length of the vertical / horizontal brick length
amount = room width / tile width
case will not go, use the binary method, not rounded, but the vertical is less than half a calculation of height, more than half a calculated one. total = total amount of floor
× unit price
loss = floor area of the floor - the floor housing area
loss loss rate = floor / living space
Note: General floor loss rate of less than 5%
6, wall-wall-material consumption
determined varieties of materials, according to a reasonable size room area of the materials used to calculate the size, taking into account the possible loss of construction, than the actual amount of 5% buy . Wall-material calculated in two ways:
1. To formula, is about 2.5 times the size of the room, and their product is the number of wall-material. Materials such as 20 square meters room for the 20 × 2.5 = 50m. There is also a more accurate formula:
S = (L / M + 1) (H + h) + C / M
where: S - wall-materials required length (m)
L - deduction of windows, doors and walls after the total length (m)
M - wall-material width (m), plus a margin as a mosaic pattern;
H - required wall-material height (m)
h - two of the same pattern of wall-material distance (m)
C - windows, doors and wall-down area needed (m)
2. field measurements, this method is more accurate selection of wall-material required to understand the width, and so measure the width of the room walls (except for doors, windows and other parts) of the perimeter, there are several in the perimeter wall-material width, that is to be affixed to pieces. Then what should be the amount of wall-height, as multiplied by the number of frames, that is, doors, windows and other parts of the wall material required for wall-length (m). Finally, this measurement is still under the window walls, irregular corners, etc. The length of the required materials, it has been calculated with the length of the sum, is the total length. This method is more suitable for crushing patterns, stitching without having particular bit of wall-material.
7, paint consumption estimation method
describes a simple method:
room area (square meters) divided by 4, the walls need painting height (decimetre) divided by 4, two is the sum of those required Deshu kilograms of paint. For example, a room area of 20 square meters, the wall height is 16 decimetre (except 12 decimetre dado), then, is (20 ÷ 4) + (16 ÷ 4) = 9, ie 9 kg paint can paint the walls of two times.
a base layer, column reinforcement
based Reinforcing = thickness of the base - the upper protective layer + steel stretching the length of + Max {10D, 200mm}
II , base, base, hoop hoop
only play a solid role in the role, it can be said to be to prevent the torsion bar in the pouring action. Is usually calculated by 2 (the software is based on three.)
Chapter
a middle layer, column longitudinal reinforcement
1, KZ middle layer of the longitudinal reinforcement = story - out of the current layer on the ground floor height + reach the height of the ground floor, two
column stirrup
1, KZ middle layer of the root of the number of hoops one encrypted area = N / encrypted area of non-encrypted space + N + area / non-encrypted area spacing -1
03G101 -1 in stirrups on an encrypted column area are as follows
1) the first floor column stirrup three encrypted areas, namely: the length of the lower stirrup encrypted area to take Hn / 3; upper take Max {500 , long side column size, Hn / 6}; beam joint range of encryption; if the column uses banding lap, lap within the same time it needs to be encrypted.
2) above the first floor column stirrups were: upper and lower parts of the stirrups were removed and the length encryption Max {500, column length edge size, Hn / 6}; beam joint range of encryption; if the column uses banding lap, lap within the same time it needs to be encrypted. KZ III
top top
different because of their location, into corner posts, side columns and column, and thus a variety of anchoring the top of column longitudinal reinforcement vary. (See page 03G101-1 s 37,38)
one corner posts corner posts
the top layer of clear height of longitudinal reinforcement length = Hn + top steel anchor value, then the prism value of the top steel anchor is how to consider it?
; bend anchor (Lae): girder - protective layer +12 d
a, inside the anchorage length of straight steel anchor (Lae): Leung, - protective layer
; ; 1.5Lae
b, the outer anchorage length of steel columns at the top of the first layer: high beams - protective layer + column width - protective layer +8 d
column at the top of the second layer: Leung - protective layer + column width - protective layer
Note: GGJ V8.1, the inside of the curved steel bar anchorage length Anchor (Lae): Leung, - protective layer +12 d
; ; ; direct anchoring (Lae): Leung, - protective layer
lateral reinforcement anchorage length = Max {1.5Lae, Leung - protective layer + column width - protective layer}
Second, the top side of longitudinal column reinforcement
side column length = Hn + top layer of clear height steel anchor value, then the top edge of steel anchor column value is how to consider it?
side column longitudinal reinforcement of the anchor into the top inside and outside of reinforced steel anchor anchor:
a, the length of the inside bend steel anchor bolt (Lae ): Leung, - protective layer +12 d
; straight Anchor (Lae): Leung, - protective layer
b, lateral reinforcement anchorage length: 1.5Lae
Note: GGJ V8.1, the inside of the curved steel bar anchorage length of anchor (Lae): Leung, - protective layer +12 d
direct anchoring (Lae): Leung, - protective layer
; lateral reinforcement anchorage length = Max {1.5Lae, Leung - protective layer + column width - protective layer}
three column
top longitudinal reinforcement in the column length = Hn + clear height of the top layer of reinforced anchor value, then the value column is how the top bar anchorage consider it?
top longitudinal reinforcement in the column to bend the anchorage length anchor (Lae): Leung, - protective layer +12 d
direct anchoring (Lae): girder - protective layer
Note: GGJ V8.1, the processing above.
Chapter board
in practical engineering, we know that board panels and cast into precast panels, this is mainly of cloth Slab reinforcement situation.
Ligament are: muscle force (one-way or two-way, single or double), bearing negative reinforcement, distribution of tendons, additional reinforcement (additional radiation corner bars, additional reinforced hole), shoring bars ( when the support bar on the lower layer).
one
software tendon force, tendon force is based on the length of the calculation grids.
axis force tendon length = size + left + right anchor + anchor both ends of the hook (in the case of grade Ⅰ bars).
root number = (axis length - reduced value) / fabric reinforcement spacing +1
Second, negative reinforcement and distribution of muscle
negative reinforcement negative reinforcement length = length + left + right bending bent
negative reinforcement root number = (cloth reinforcement range - reduced value) / fabric reinforcement bar spacing +1
distribution range of length = length of the negative reinforcement layout - deduct the value of negative reinforcement negative reinforcement distribution
root number = negative reinforcement bars input The length of the interface of negative reinforcement / distribution space +1
three tendons, additional reinforcement (additional radiation corner bar, an additional reinforcement hole), support bars (when the support bar on the lower layer)
direct calculation based on the actual situation reinforcement length, root number can be, can be used directly in the software input method based computing. Chapter FAQ
Why steel calculation, 135o hooks in software that we counted as 11.9d?
calculation of our software in the hoop is actually taken 11.9D hook with the results of measuring the difference, we know that hook straight length is 10D, then measure the difference should be 1.9D, 1.9D below this measure we derive about the origins of the difference:
calculated in accordance with the results of skin is 1000 +300; if it is calculated according to the center line :1000-D / 2-d +135 / 360 * 3.14 * (D / 2 + d / 2) * 2 +300, where D is the specification to take the minimum radius of 2.5d, this time behind the formulas used by the results of the previous formula is: 1.87d ≈ 1.9d.
beam when there are two hanging bars do?
information in the input box with hanging bars The beam width of the back of the sub-one correspondence in accordance with hanging bars, such as input into the 250/300 (2B22 beam width corresponds to 250; 2B25 beam width corresponding to 300)
bearing on both sides of the beam in the middle of the bar is not at the same time, the software is how to handle it?
bearing on both sides of the beam in the middle of the bar is not the same time, we have the right software directly into the current cross-bearing negative reinforcement and negative reinforcement the next inter-bearing reinforced left. Software to calculate the principle is reinforced on both sides of the same bearing, through; a difference in the anchorage; determine the principle is the same as the input format is adopted, a difference in the anchorage. Negative reinforcement at right bearing for the 5B22, the next cross-bearing negative reinforcement for the left-5B22 +2 B20, the five reinforced by bearing 22, two anchoring the bearing 20.
variable section beams in software is how to handle it?
in software, variable cross-section beams were divided into two:
1, when the height difference of> 1 / 6 of the beam is high, regardless of the format is the same on both sides, both sides of the bar all by anchoring calculated. Bending length is 15d + elevation.
2, when the height difference of <1 / 6 of the beam is high, reinforced by bearing different judgments on both sides of the conditions for processing.
If the frame column concrete strength to change how we handle column longitudinal reinforcement?
If the frame column concrete strength to change the column longitudinal reinforcement of the deal are two cases:
1, if the column longitudinal reinforcement using electroslag welding, press the top column strength grade of concrete to set;
2, if the column longitudinal reinforcement lap banding used, for example, 1 to 2 layer C45, 3 ~ 10 layers for the C35, the column to be separated to create two components: one for the C45, as 3 layer, but only enter the member section 3-layer size and storey purpose is to keep the top layer 2 calculated as the anchor; another component to establish 1 to 10 layers, 1 to 2 layers only enter the member section size and storey, reinforced Information Since the 3 layers start typing, so that you can solve the problem.
circular column spiral reinforcement per meter length of the formula: L = N (P * P + (D-2b + do) ^ 2 * π ^ 2) ^ 0.5 + the length of the two hook
where:
N = screw turns, N = L / P (L length of the circular column for the component length)
P = pitch
D = diameter
do = spiral structures
b = diameter of steel protective layer.
Also:
theoretical mass = steel reinforcement length * The quality of steel per meter mass = total consumption
steel reinforcement theory of quality * [1 + bar ( iron) loss rate]
quality calculation shortcut bar theory:
theory of quality steel bar diameter = square (in mm) * 0.00617
Second, CAD, word, excel conversion between.
one, CAD graphics or tables copied to WORD, EXCEL steps
1, change the CAD system variables WMFBKGND is OFF, make the background transparent CAD,
if you want to copy in black and white graphics can be in the Layer Manager, which the layer color to white (7);
2, select the graphic you want to copy, use the
3, switch to the WORD or EXCEL, activation need to paste the area, and then select
4, paste the original results as shown;
5, using the ;
6, the effect of cutting and scaled as shown;
7, such as graphics need to be modified, press the CAD Drawing to be modified to return to;
EXCEL approach also copied to the above.
Second, WORD, EXCEL graphs or tables copied to the CAD step
1, select the need to copy the graphic or table, use the
2, switch to the CAD program, and then select
3, select Paste as
4, choose Paste the insertion point, as shown after the effect of paste;
5, lines or text after paste can be edited directly in the CAD, as shown below;
CAD to the Office to add a few: CAD map pasted into Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Publisher can use this method.
1, line width - the proposed multi-segment line to set the line width, because the width width width of only two post-paste, not pretty;
2, the proportion of the problem - if possible, maximize the use of 1:1 drawing, where the ratio of 1:1 is printed, that is, the need to print to 10mm,
graphics to draw into 10 units, both to control the map scale, but also can control the line width;
3, background Colors - 2002 in the layout of the space (the background of the general layout of the space is white) copy, 2004,2005,2006 copied directly on the line, no need to modify the background color.
three clear contracting construction projects price
template :19-23 Yuan / square meter (sticky gray surface) -
concrete :38-41 Yuan / Li, -
reinforced :310-420 yuan / ton, or 10-13 yuan / m2-
masonry :55-70 Yuan / Li. -
plaster :7-15 yuan / square meter (not net of door and window openings, do not include ride demolition scaffolding) -
tile paste 18/m2.-
room floor tile (600 * 600) 15 yuan / square meter, -
baseboard: 3 yuan / m, -
room wall: 25 yuan / square meter (including the chamfered) -
stone staircase: 28 yuan / square meters, stepping board edging: 10 yuan / m. -
gypsum board ceiling: 20 yuan (flat roof) Lvkou Ban hanging items: 25 yuan / square meter, -
Taiwan cut off squatting :120-300 / rub bit. -
white latex paint: 6 yuan / square meter. -
outside the wall: 43 yuan / square meter, -
wall hanging mushroom: 50 yuan / square meters. -
roof battens: 13 yuan / square meter. -
Plumbing: 9 yuan / square meter (floor space) -
electrical lighting components: 6 yuan / square meters. -
woodworking :18-24 Yuan / square meter (sticky gray surface), carpentry 35-50 yuan / m2, -
Jia Zigong 5.5 yuan / m2, -
real estate construction costs (based on square meter operator) -
-
1, pile foundation (if any): 70 ~ 100 yuan / square meter; -
2, bar: 40 ~ 75KG / square meter (multi-layer content was lower, the higher level content), or 160 ~ 300 yuan / square meter; -
3, Concrete: 0.3 to 0.5 cubic meters / square meter (multi-layer content was lower, the higher level content), or 100 to 165 yuan / square meter; -
4, masonry works: 60 ~ 120 yuan / square meter (multi-layer high content, high content of low );-
5, plaster works: 25 to 40 yuan / square meter; -
6, exterior works (including insulation): 50 ~ 100 yuan / square meter (in general as the standard coating, such as stone or wall, it may be as high as 300 to 1000 yuan / square meter; -
7, the indoor installation of water (including fire): 60 ~ 120 yuan / square meter (at district level, multi-layer slightly lower );-
8, roof project: 15 ~ 30 Yuan / square meter (multi-layer high content, high content of low );-
9, doors and windows (excluding entry door): windows and doors per square meter of floor space area of about 0.25 to 0.5 square meters (with high-end design and are closely related to a larger proportion of high-grade), cost 90 ~ 300 yuan / square meter, generally 90 to 150 yuan / square meter, such as the use of high-grade aluminum windows and doors, you may reach 300 yuan / square meter; -
10, earth, entry door, flue and public parts of decoration: 30 to 150 yuan / square meter (high and low quality relationship with the community great, the higher the grade, the higher cost );-
11, basement (if any): increased cost of 40 ~ 100 yuan / square meter (multi-layer high content, high content of low );-
12, Elevator Engineering Company (if any): 40 ~ 200 yuan / square meter, and the grade of the elevator, the elevator and the floor to set the number of how many have great relations, general engineering is about 100 yuan / square meter; -
13, labor costs: 130 to 200 yuan / square meter; -
14, Outdoor matching projects: 30 ~ 300 yuan / square meter, generally about 70 to 100 yuan / square meter; -
15, templates, support, scaffold engineering (costs): 70 ~ 150 yuan / square meter; -
16, tower cranes, people and goods lifts, lifts and other various types of construction machinery, etc. (the total cost of about 5 to 8%: about 60 ~ 90 Yuan / square meter; -
17, the temporary facilities (living area, office area, warehouse, road, field other temporary facilities (water, electricity, sewage, images, and other production plant shelf space): 30 ~ 50 Yuan / square meter; - ;
18, testing, testing, procedures, transportation, communication and other expenses: 10 ~ 30 Yuan / square meter; -
19, contractor management fees, materials, labor, profits and other costs (about 10%): the sum of the above * 10% = 90 ~ 180 yuan / square meter; -
20, various taxes and fees paid to the state (the total cost of 3.3 ~ 3.5%): 33 ~ 70 Yuan / square meter, high-end may be as high as 100 yuan / square meter. -
not counted more than decoration, usually cost about 1000 ~ 2000 yuan / square meter, high-end residential up to 3,500 yuan. Above do not include some of the corruption caused by state-owned enterprises development costs. The decor is generally 500 to 1,500 yuan / square meter, depending on grade level, there are 300 yuan / square meter Jianzhuang Xiu, more 3,000 to 10,000 yuan / square meter ultra high-end renovation (bag check.) -
21, design fees (including fees during the initial design concept): 15 ~ 100 yuan / square meter; -
22, supervision fees: 3 to 30 yuan / square meter; -
23, advertising, planning, sales agents fees: generally 30 to 200 yuan / square meter, the higher up to 500 yuan / square meters; -
24, the land cost: general second-tier urban areas (the old rural areas) is 70 ~ 100 million / acre, floor area ratio is generally 1.0 to 2.0, so the conversion rate is: 525 ~ 1500 yuan / sq m, the urban center generally is 200 yuan / mu, conversion rates are: 1500 ~ 3000 yuan / sq m, the core region up to 300 yuan / mu, the land cost more unilateral; first-tier cities and even up to 20,000 yuan / square meter unilateral cost of the land above; third-tier cities, counties and other unilateral lower cost of land, usually 100 to 500 yuan / square meter, there are up to 2,000 yuan / square meters of the situation; -
25, land taxes and pre-fee, generally about 15% of land costs, second-tier cities is generally 100 to 500 yuan / square meters, the local standards are not the same. -
Conclusion: The basic construction cost is fixed, even if we do not accept the relocation of the Housing section of land, construction of the national minimum standards, the cost is difficult to less than 1,000 yuan / square meter. In fact, the multi-ordinary housing, and Chien costs about 1,200 yuan / square meters, a small high-rise and high-level general commercial, and Chien cost about 1500 ~ 1800 yuan / square meters, the higher the grade, the higher the cost. Can be none other key is: the district level, the land to the government to pay part of the local government fees and taxes, advertising, sale of part of the cost of planning, renovation costs. In addition, the developer of the development of quality there is a certain relationship, If you always keep the prices down, quality is to be worse; private developers than the state / government developers indeed lower the cost, mainly two reasons, first, most of the private enterprises are mainly oriented to efficiency, cost control some better general, and second, the cost of private enterprise corruption is relatively lower. Whatever the reason, up and down with the quality of the area will not exceed the cost of 100 to 200 yuan / square meter. -
-
the basis of common sense 12, need 64 square wall of a standard brick wall
18 a square requires 96 standard brick wall
24 standards require 128 a square brick wall
37 a square to be the standard for the 192 a square brick wall to be
49 256 standard brick
block formula:
wall unit dosage of 240 cubic meters of 1 / (0.24 * 0.12 * 0.6)
; wall unit dosage of 370 cubic meters of 1 / (0.37 * 0.12 * 0.6)
hollow wall 24 need more than 80 square blocks of a standard brick
A civil engineer should have the data (transfer)
one, the amount of ordinary residential buildings of concrete and steel weight:
1, multi-storey masonry house:
reinforced concrete 0.3-0.33m3/m2
30KG/m2
2, multi-frame
reinforced concrete 0.33-0.35m3/m2
38-42KG/m2
; 3, 11-12 layers of small high-rise concrete 0.35m3
reinforced 50-52KG/m2
/ m2
4, 17-18 senior level
reinforced 54-60KG/m2
Concrete 0.36m3/m2
5, 30-story high-level H = 94 米
reinforced 65-75KG/m2
concrete 0.42-0.47m3/m2
6, 28-story high-rise apartments
H = 90 米65-70KG/m2
reinforced concrete 0.38-0.42m3/m2
7, Villa between consumption and the amount of concrete multi-storey steel and high-level masonry home 11-12 over the data layer
7 degree earthquake zone rules by design
II , ordinary multi-storey residential building construction budget economic indicators
1, outdoor windows (not including cell door, security door) area of the floor area of 0.20-0.24
2, total construction area of 2.2 template area around
3, the outdoor area of the floor area of plaster about 0.4
4, interior plaster area of the construction area 3.8
Third, the construction efficiency
1, a plaster plaster work day in the 35 square meters
; 2, a red brick brickwork 1000-1800 day puzzle pieces
3, a hollow brick brickwork day puzzle pieces
800-1000 4, the tiles 15 square meters
5, 300 square meters of first pass scraping white / day, and the second over 180 square meters / day, the third time calendar 90 square meters / day
four basic data
1, concrete weight 2500KG/m3
2, steel per meter Weight 0.00617 * d * d
3, dry sand weight 1500KG/m3, wet sand weight 1700KG/m3
4, stone Weight 2200KG/m3
5, one cubic meter of about 525 bricks (sub thickness of the wall)
6, one cubic meter hollow brick 175 or so
7, screening 1.3 one side clean sand to be a little different point of view of ordinary sand
:
1, ordinary multi-storey residential masonry: steel 25-30KG/m2, including affordable housing for the 16--18KG/m2.
2, ordinary multi-storey masonry houses, outdoor wiping gray area of the floor area of 0.5 - 0.7.
3, ordinary multi-storey masonry residential area of the building area template 1.3 - 2.2, according to the number of cast panels, a large column density.
4, a brick wall brickwork 1000-1800 240 puzzle pieces one day, 370 or 500 Wall 2000 - 3000 block.
5, reinforced concrete weight 2200KG/m3, plain concrete weight 2100KG/m3.
6, project stone weight 1800KG/m3. )
0.617 is the weight per meter of reinforced round of 10. Steel weight and diameter (radius) proportional to the square.
G = 0.617 * D * D/100
weight per meter (Kg) = bar diameter (mm) × diameter steel bars (mm) × 0.00617
in fact remember the weight of steel commonly used in construction projects is also very simple φ6 = 0.222 Kg φ6.5 = 0.26kg φ8 = 0.395kg φ10 = 0.617kg φ12 = 0.888kg Φ14 = 1.21kg Φ16 = 1.58kg Φ18 = 2.0kg Φ24 = 2.47kgΦ22 = 2.98kgΦ25 = 3.85kgΦ28 = 4.837kg ............
Φ12 (with 12) the following, and Φ28 (including 28) of the steel generally take three digits after the decimal point, Φ14 Φ25 reinforced to take two digits after the decimal point generally
Φ6 = 0.222Kg
Φ8 = 0.395Kg
Φ10 = 0.617Kg
; Φ12 = 0.888Kg
Φ14 = 1.21Kg
Φ16 = 1.58Kg
Φ18 = 2Kg
Φ20 = 2.47Kg
Φ22 = 3Kg
; Φ25 = 3.86Kg
formula I have the experience, you calculate a table on it. Forms can also go to buy a book with them is also very convenient.
theoretical weight of steel materials, simply type the name of
theoretical weight W (kg / m)
; flat steel, steel sheet, strip W = 0.00785 × width × thickness
square steel W = 0.00785 × side length 2
round bar, wire rod, steel wire W = 0.00617 × diameter 2
steel wall thickness W = 0.02466 × (OD - Wall Thickness)
; other side edge angle W = 0.00785 × thickness (2 edge width - edge thickness)
unequal angle W = 0.00785 × edge thickness (L short side edge width + width - edge thickness)
beam waist W = 0.00785 × thickness [high + f (leg width - waist thick)]
channel W = 0.00785 × waist thick [high + e (leg width - waist thick)]
Notes
1 , angle steel, channel steel I-beam and the exact formula is complex, and the table used to calculate the approximate simplified.
2, f values: general models and with a, 3.34, 2.65 with b, with c, was 2.26.
3, e values: general models and with a, 3.26, 2.44 with b, with c, 2.24.
4, the length of the units are in millimeters
First, the amount of ordinary residential buildings of concrete and steel capacity:
; 1, multi-Masonry Residential:
30KG/m2
reinforced concrete 0.3-0.33m3/m2
2, multi-storey concrete frame
reinforced 38-42KG/m2
0.33-0.35 m3/m2
3, 11-12 high-rise concrete layer
reinforced 50-52KG/m2
0.35m3/m2
4, 17-18 senior level
reinforced 54-60KG/m2
concrete 0.36m3/m2
5, 30-story high-level H = 94 米
65-75KG/m2
reinforced concrete 0.42-0.47m3/m2
6, 28-story high-rise apartments H = 90 米
65-70KG/m2
reinforced concrete 0.38-0.42m3/m2
7, villas, and the amount of concrete between steel consumption and high-level multi-storey residential masonry layer 11-12
7 degrees above the data zone rules by seismic design
Second, ordinary multi-storey residential building construction budget economic indicators
1, outside doors and windows (not including cell door, security door) area of the floor area of 0.20-0.24
2, total construction area of 2.2 template area around
3, the outdoor area of the floor area of plaster about 0.4
4, interior plaster total construction area of 3.8
area of the three, the construction efficiency
1 , a plaster plaster work day in the 35 square meters
2, a red brick brickwork 1000-1800 day puzzle pieces
3, a hollow brick brickwork 800-1000 day puzzle pieces
4, 15 square meters of ceramic tile
5, 300 square meters of first pass scraping white / day, and the second over 180 square meters / day, the third time calendar of 90 square meters / day
four basic data
1, concrete weight 2500KG/m3
2, the weight of steel per meter 0.00617 * d * d
3, dry sand weight 1500KG/m3, wet sand weight 1700KG/m3
4, stone weight 2200KG/m3
5, one cubic meter of red about 525 bricks (sub thickness of the wall)
6, one cubic meter of about 175 hollow brick
7, screen clean sand to be 1.3 square one ordinary sand
Some of the decoration formula 1, to tile amount of: (Note general different in different chamber loss rate of about 1-5%)
amount per meter = 100 / [(length + Gray Block material fracture width) × (W + mortar joint block material W)] × (1 + loss rate)
such as selection of retro tile specification 0.5 × 0.5M, patchwork width 0.002M, loss rate of 1%, 100 square meters, the number of blocks required to:
100 square meters of consumption = 100 / [(0.5 +0.002) × (0.5 +0.002) × (1 +0.01) is approximately equal to 401 total =
tiles tiles tiles number × price
2, the ceiling amount:
the amount of ceiling panels = (long - long shielded) × (W - wide screen)
such as size of area to calculate the net ceiling of the amount of PVC plastic. PVC plastic board price is 50.81 yuan per square meter, shielding length, width are 0.24M, ceiling length 3M, width of 4.5M, the amount is as follows:
ceiling board amount = (3-0.24) × (4.5- 0.24) approximately equal to 11.76 per square meter
3, the amount of packages door:
package outside the door frame material amount = length × width
example outside the box (pictured) package with a composite wood door, door frame length 2.7M, width of 1.5M, then the amount of material is as follows:
bag door material consumption = 2.7 × 1.5 = 4.05 平方米
4, wallpapers dosage:
Wallpaper amount = (High - Shielded length) × (W - Screen width) × wall a few - the door area - window area
example (pictured) to net size area of the wall, shielding the 24CM, wall height 2.5M, width 5M, gate area of 2.8 square meters, the window area of 3.6 square meters, the amount is as follows:
Wallpaper amount = [(2.5-0.24) × (5-0.24)] × 4-2.8-3.6 approximately equal to 36.6 square meters more than in part
with the feeding amount of calculation, according to the decoration of the parts one by one with their respective unit prices multiplied by the cumulative feeding amount, to draw a total renovation cost of materials.
5, the floor amount of: (solid)
amount = room length of the vertical / horizontal brick length
amount = room width / tile width
case will not go, use the binary method, not rounded, but the vertical is less than half a calculation of height, more than half a calculated one. total = total amount of floor
× unit price
loss = floor area of the floor - the floor housing area
loss loss rate = floor / living space
Note: General floor loss rate of less than 5%
6, wall-wall-material consumption
determined varieties of materials, according to a reasonable size room area of the materials used to calculate the size, taking into account the possible loss of construction, than the actual amount of 5% buy . Wall-material calculated in two ways:
1. To formula, is about 2.5 times the size of the room, and their product is the number of wall-material. Materials such as 20 square meters room for the 20 × 2.5 = 50m. There is also a more accurate formula:
S = (L / M + 1) (H + h) + C / M
where: S - wall-materials required length (m)
L - deduction of windows, doors and walls after the total length (m)
M - wall-material width (m), plus a margin as a mosaic pattern;
H - required wall-material height (m)
h - two of the same pattern of wall-material distance (m)
C - windows, doors and wall-down area needed (m)
2. field measurements, this method is more accurate selection of wall-material required to understand the width, and so measure the width of the room walls (except for doors, windows and other parts) of the perimeter, there are several in the perimeter wall-material width, that is to be affixed to pieces. Then what should be the amount of wall-height, as multiplied by the number of frames, that is, doors, windows and other parts of the wall material required for wall-length (m). Finally, this measurement is still under the window walls, irregular corners, etc. The length of the required materials, it has been calculated with the length of the sum, is the total length. This method is more suitable for crushing patterns, stitching without having particular bit of wall-material.
7, paint consumption estimation method
describes a simple method:
room area (square meters) divided by 4, the walls need painting height (decimetre) divided by 4, two is the sum of those required Deshu kilograms of paint. For example, a room area of 20 square meters, the wall height is 16 decimetre (except 12 decimetre dado), then, is (20 ÷ 4) + (16 ÷ 4) = 9, ie 9 kg paint can paint the walls of two times.
Tuesday, May 3, 2011
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